This is a searchable database of cohort studies and represents work examining several of the factors that are thought to have an impact on risk of dementia. It includes several of the key longitudinal studies but at present represents a fraction of the evidence base and is still under development.
Name of the study Study acronym Example of published output Lifestyle risk factors (smoking, excess alcohol, diet, obesity, sedantary behaviour, social engagement, brain training…etc)
Clinical risk factors (blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, prior stroke) Environmental risk factors eg air pollution Other Pubmed or other link
Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe) AgeCoDe proton pump inhibitor use; diabetes; stroke; ischemic heart disease; polypharmacy age; sex; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26882076
Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort ARIC Knopman, D., Boland, L., Mosley, M., Howard, G., Liao, D., Szklo, M., McGovern, P., Folsom, A., for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study investigators. Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults. Neurology. 2001; 56: 42-48; hypertension; prevalent diabetes; hyperlipidemia; prescription and non-perscription medications; Carotid wall IMT; stroke (prevalent and incident) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11148234
Australian Imaging Biomarker and Lifestyle AIBL Ellis KA, Bush AI, Darby D, De Fazio D, Foster J, Hudson P, Lautenschlager NT, Lenzo N, Martins RN, Maruff P, Masters C, Milner A, Pike K, Rowe C, Savage G, Szoeke C, Taddei K, Villemagne V, Woodward M, Ames D and the AIBL Research Group. The Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle (AIBL) study of aging: methodology and baseline characteristics of 1112 individuals recruited for a longitudinal study of Alzheimer’s disease. International Psychogeriatrics 2009; 21: 672-687. Genetics; Cerebral microhaemorrhage; BP; vitamin B12; folate; anxiety Subjective memory complaints https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470201
Betula study BMI Blood pressure; cholesterol; glucose; HbA1c; TSH; thyroxine; B12; serum folate (B9); albumin; Hb; ESR. traffic air pollution (Nitrogen oxides level at residential address of participants at baseline) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26305859;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180878
Bordeaux region alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9296132
British male doctors Doll, R., Peto, R., Boreham, J., Sutherland, I. Smoking and dementia in male British doctors prospective study. BMJ. 2000; 320: 1097-1102 smoking https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775216
Cache County Memory Study CCMS diet; exercise; church attendance; social interaction; alcohol; smoking https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316091
Canadian Study of Health and Aging CSHA physical activity (frequency and intensity); smoking; alcohol; limited dietary history; BMI medical history; medication use; stroke; diabetes; BP; heart problems; Parkinson’s disease; APOE; orthostatic hypotension; history of arterial hypertension; cardiac symptoms; current use of asprin and all NSAIDS; history of head trauma; arthritis; thyroid condition; cancer; stomach ulcers; antihypertensives; antacids; corticosteroids; estrogen replacement therapy occupational and environmental exposure family history; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18243244;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884442;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9056606;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12196314
Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study (nestled in Cardiovascular Health Study) education; occupation; physical activity; weight; alcohol intake; coffee; tea; antiperspirants CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack, angina pectoris, claudication, angioplasty, or bypass surgery); APOE e4; C-reactive protein; hypertension; diabetes; cholesterol second hand smoke age; race; income; self reported health; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20051462
Cardiovascular Health Study CHS Mukamal, K., Kuller, L., Fitzpatrick, A., Longstreth, W., Mittleman, M., Siscovick, D. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of dementia in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association 2003; 289: 1405-1413 alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12636463
Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study. CAIDE BMI BP; cholesterol; smoking https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216938
Chicago Health and Aging Project CHAP smoking https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/16493200/
Chongquing Juan, D., Zhou, D., Li, J., Wang, J., Gao, C., Chen, M. A 2 year follow up study of cigarette smoking and dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2004; 11: 277-282 smoking http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00779.x/abstract
Chongquing aging study Wang, J., Zhou, D., Li, J., Zhang, M., Deng, J., Tang, M., Gao, C., Li, J., Lian, Y. Leisure activity and risk of cognitive impairment: the Chongqing aging study. Neurology. 2006; 66: 911-913 education; occupation; smoking; daily drinking; cognitive activities; physical activities; social activities NSAIDs; comorbidities age; sex; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291928
Cleveland Study of the Elderly Ford, A., Mefrouche, Z., Friedland, R., Debanne, S. Smoking and cognitive impairment: A population-based study. JAGS 1996; 44: 905-909 smoking http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01858.x/abstract
Cognitive and Emotional Impairment After Stroke (NCT00506818) current smoking; daily alcohol use; BMI >25; physical activity (minutes per week) hypertension; hyperlipidemia; diabetes; coronary heart disease; atrial fibrillation; APOE e4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26089677
Copenhagen City Heart Study alcohol (amount and type) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12427876
Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults CARDIA Reis J, Loria C, Luner L, Sidney S, Liu K, Jacobs D, Zhu N, Lloyd-Jones D, He K, Yaffe K. Cardiovascular health through young adulthood and cognitive functioning in midlife. Annals of Neurology 2013; 73:170-179 BMI; diet; smoking; physical activity BP; cholesterol; glucose https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23443990
DESCRIPAstudy physical activity; obesity; smoking; mild/moderate alcohol use diabetes; hypertension; hypercholestolemia; coronary heart disease depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28453475
Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (Baltimore arm) Leroi, I., Sheppard, J-M., Lyketsos, C. Cognitive function after 11.5 years of alcohol use: relation to alcohol use American Journal of Epidemiology 2002; 156 (8): 747-752 alcohol http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwf107
Epidemiology of Vascular Aging EVA alcohol; smoking BP; antihypertensive use https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784244;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10599763
European Community Concerted Action Epidemiology of Dementia (EURODEM) EURODEM education; smoking head trauma family history; sex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9921852;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037693
Finnish Twin Cohort alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16222166
Framingham Study BMI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8213741;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587008
Gospel Oak project Cervilla, J., Prince, M., Mann, A. Smoking, drinking, and incident cognitive impairment: a community based study included in the Gospel Oak project. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000; 68: 622-626 alcohol; smoking http://jnnp.bmj.com/content/jnnp/68/5/622.full.pdf
HeinzNixdorfRecall particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5, PMcoarse); PM2.5 absorbance; nitrogen oxides; long-term exposure to traffic noise (Lden, Lnight) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28363096
Hisayama Study alcohol; physical activity stroke; BP; diabetes age; score on Hasegawa’s dementia scale; sex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7783883;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12480728
Honolulu-Asia Aging Study HAAS Galanis, D., Petrovitch, H., Launer, L., Harris, T., Foley, D., White, L. Smoking history in middle age and subsequent cognitive performance in elderly Japanese-American men. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 145: 507-515; Launer, L., Masaki, K., Petrovitch, H., Foley, D., Havlik,R. The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. Journal of the American Medical Association 1995; 274: (23) 1846-1851; Tyas, S., White, L., Petrovitch, H., Webster Ross, G., Foley, D., Heimovitz, H., Launer, L. Mid-life smoking and late-life dementia: the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2003; 24: 589-596; Kalmijn S, Foley D, White L, Burchfiel C, Curb J, Petrovitch H, Ross G, Havlik R, Launer L. Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American Elderly men. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 2000; 20: 2255-2260 smoking; BMI BP; glucose; subsclapular skinfold thickness; triglycerides; cholesterol https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/145/6/507/157613;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530230032026;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714116;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11031212
Hoorn Reijmer Y, Berg E, Sonsbeek S, Dekker J, Nijpels G, Stehouwer C, Kappelle J, Biessels G. Dementia risk score predicts cognitive impairment after a period of 15 years in a nondemented population. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive disorders 2011; 31: 152-157 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21335972
Hospital Morbidity Survey (National Statistics Institute) noise pollution (Leqd, Leqn); chemical pollution (NO2, PM2.5, PM10, O3); maximum daily temperature https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27810678
InCHIANTI population–based study Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, Muniz-Terrera G, Phillips CL, Cherubini A, Ferrucci L, Melzer D. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Jul 12;170(13):1135-41. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.173. PubMed PMID: 20625021; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4053858. serum 25 (OH) D levels https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20625021
Intervention project on cerebrovascular disease and dementia in the district of Ebersberg INVADE smoking; physical activity; BMI BP; cholesterol; glucose https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27459854/
Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program Whitmer R, Sidney S, Selby J, Johnston C, Yaffe K. Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 2005; 64: 277-281 smoking cholesterol; diabetes; hypertension https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15668425
Kungsholmen Project alcohol BP; antihypertensive use; diabetes; stroke; heart failure https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448805;
http://www.jclinepi.com/article/S0895-4356(02)00462-6/abstract;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12580707;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164587
Kuopio 75+ health study education; smoking; BMI heart failure; stroke; NYHA class; resting heart rate; haemoglobin; creqatinine clearance; HDL-cholesterol; BNP; total cholesterol; hypertension; systolic or diastolic BP age; sex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384435
Lombardy Corrao G, Ibrahim B, Nicotra F, Zambon A, Merlino L, Pasini TS, Catapano AL, Mancia G. Long-term use of statins reduces the risk of hospitalization for dementia. Atherosclerosis. 2013 Oct;230(2):171-6. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.07.009. Epub 2013 Jul 26. PubMed PMID: 24075740. statin type; months with statins available; antihypertensive agents; antidiabetic drugs; coronary heart disease; cerebrovascular disease; traumatic brain injury; Charlson comorbidity score https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24075740
Maastricht Ageing Study MAAS alcohol; physical activity; Mediterranean diet; cognitive activity; smoking; BMI; unsaturated fat intake coronary heart disease; renal dysfunction; diabetes; cholesterol; hypertension (BP or antihypertensive use) depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28247500
MayoClinic Study of Aging education; marital status; BMI; current smoker APOE (various types); dyslipidemia; type II diabetes; hypertension; any cardiac disease; atrial fibrillation; coronary artery disease; congestive heart failure; stroke age https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358884
Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study CFAS Yip, A., Brayne, C., Matthews, F. Risk factors for incident dementia in England and Wales: The Medical Research Council cognitive function and ageing study. A population based nested case-control study. Age Ageing. 2006; 35: 154-160 education; social class; rural/urban; alcohol; smoking vascular disease (angina pectoris, intermittent claudication, heart attack, hypertension, transient ischaemic attack, stroke); neurological/psychiatric disease (depression, epilepsy, headaches, head injury, Parkinson’s disease, Meningitis/encephalitis); arthritis; asthma; chronic bronchitis; diabetes; general anaesthesia; peptic ulcer disease; pernicious anaemia; shingles; thyroid disease age; sex; self-perceived health https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16414964
Men born in 1914 smoking; alcohol; cohabiting status (change in follow-up) BP; antihypertensive treatment; peripheral artery disease; ischemic heart disease; diabetes mellitus; myocardial infarction during follow-up depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12554316
Maintenance of Balance, Independent Living, Intellect and Zest in the Elderly of Boston Study MOBILIZE Boston long-term exposure to traffic pollution (residential distance to major roadway); long-term black carbon levels https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23126566
Monongahela Valley Independent Elders Survey MoVIES Ganguli, M., Vander Bilt, J., Saxton, J, Shen, C., Dodge, H. Alcohol consumption and cognitive function in late life: A longitudinal community study Neurology 2005; 65: 1210-1217 alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16247047
FINMONICA alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15304383
National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project cohort study NSHAP exposures to fine particles (PM2.5); NO2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28392067
North Karelia Project and FIN-MONICA BP; cholesterol; apoE; myocardial infarction; cerebrovascular symptoms https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408299;
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-00006
Northern Manhattan Study NOMAS Gardener H, Wright C, Dong C, Cheung K, DeRossa J, Nannery M, Stern Y, Elkind M, Sacco R. Ideal cardiovascular health and cognitive aging in the Northern Manhattan study. Journal of the American Heart Association 2016; 5: e002731 doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002731 smoking; BMI; physical activity; diet BP; glucose; cholesterol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26984255
Nurses’ Health Study NHS Stampfer, M., Kang, J., Chen, J., Cherry, R., Grodstein, F. Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cognitive function in women The New England Journal of Medicine 2005; 352: 245-253 alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15659724
Nurses’ Health Study Cognitive Cohort long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution [PM2.5-10] and [PM2.5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332151
Personality And Total Health, Path through life study PATH Anstey K, Sargent-Cox K, Garde E, Cherbuin N, Butterworth P. Cognitive development over 8 years in midlife and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. Neuropsychology. 2014; 28(4): 653-65 smoking; BMI; physical activity; BP; diabetes depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24635711
Personnes Agees QUID PAQUID Larrieu, S., Letenneur, L., Helmer, C., Dartigues, J-F., Barberger-Gateau, P. Nutritional factors and risk of incident dementia in the PAQUID longitudinal cohort The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2004; 8(3): 150-154 alcohol; fish intake vitamin E; vitamin A https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129300
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium PREADVISE education; baseline MIS; APOE-e4; hypertension; diabetes; sleep apnea; head injury age; Black race https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26180776
REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke REGARDS fine particle matter (PM2.5) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086422
Rotterdam study alcohol; smoking medication use: diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, other antihypertensives; hypertension sex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9652667;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17785668;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11830193;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11378246
Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Ageing SALIA partical matter size fractions (PM10, PM2.5, PM2.5abs); nitrogen oxides; proximity to high traffic load https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26092807
San Luis Valley Health ad Aging Study Hildreth K, Grigsby J, Bryant L, Wolfe P, Baxter J. Cognitive decline and cardiometabolic risk among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults in the San Luis Valley Health and Aging study. Journal of Behavioural Medicine 2014; 37:332-342 obesity (waist circumference) diabetes; hypertension (BP or antihypertensive use) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329423
Scottish Mental Survey 1947 SMS 1947 Starr, J., Deary, I., Fox, H., Whalley, L. Smoking and cognitive change from age 11-66 years: a confirmatory investigation. Addict Behav 2007: 32; 63-68 smoking https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16650620
Stroke Outpatient Clinic of Okayama University and affiliated hospitals education; BMI; abdominal circumfrance; smoking time since previous stroke; previous stroke subtype; brain artery infarction; hypertension; dyslipidemia; diabetes; atrial fibrillation; ischemic heart disease; antiplatelet drugs; ARB; CCB; statin; EPA; Endo-PAT (RHI, AI); MRI data (PVH, DWMH, MBs) age; sex https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25910873
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures SOF Barnes, D., Cauley, J., Lui, L., Fink, H., McCulloch, C., Stone, K., Yaffe, K. Women who maintain optimal cognitive function into old age. JAGS 2007; 55: 259-264 walking; smoking; alcohol; physical tests (chair stand, walking speed, grip strength); IADL; social network stroke; diabetes; hypertension; vision fall; self-rated health; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17302664
Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Women Cognitive Impair-
ment Study of Exceptional Aging SOF WISE physical activity (number of city blocks typically walked per day) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23831179
Supplementation en vitamines et mineraux antioxydant study. SU.VI.MAX and SU.VI.MAX 3 Andreeva V, A, Whegang-Youdom S, Touvier M, Assmann K, E, Fezeu L, Hercberg S, Galan P, Kesse-Guyot E, Midlife Dietary Vitamin D Intake and Subsequent Performance in Different Cognitive Domains. Ann Nutr Metab 2014;65:81-89; Kesse-Guyot E, Andreeva V, Lassale C, Hercberg S, Galan P. Clustering of midlife lifestyle behaviours and subsequent cognitive function: a longitudinal study. American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104: e170-e177 physical activity; sedentary behaviour; smoking; alcohol; fish/seafood; fruit/vegetable lifetime sun exposure vitamin D intake as part of trial https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227981;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25211733
Suwon Longitudinal Aging Study SLAS Lee Y, Kim J, Back J. The influence of multiple lifestyle behaviours on cognitive function in older persons living in the community. Preventive Medicine. 2009; 48: 86-90 physical activity; smoking; vegetable consumption; social activity; alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026677
Sydney Older Persons Study Broe, G., Creasey, H., Jorm, A., Bennett, H., Casey, B., Waite, L., Grayson, D. Health habits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in old age: A prospective study on the effects of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 1998; 22: 621-623; Piguet, O., Grayson, D., Creasey, H., Bennett, H., Brooks, W., Waite, L., Broe, A. Vascular risk factors, cognition and dementia incidence over 6 years in the Sydney Older Persons Study. Neuroepidemiology; 2003; 22: 165-171 smoking; exercise; alcohol hypertension; heart disease; stroke; cholesterol; diabetes; myocardial infarction; atrial fibrillation; global arteriopathy score; claudication https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9744220;
https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/69886#
The Dubbo Study Simons, L., Simons, J., McCallum, J., Friedlander, Y. Lifestyle factors and risk of dementia: Dubbo study of the elderly. Medical Journal of Australia 2006; 184 (2): 68-70 married; education; alcohol; smoking; gardening; walking; ADLs stroke; coronary heart disease; antihypertensive use; diabetes; peak expiratory flow; cholesterol self-rated health; depression https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16411871
The Longitudinal Population Study of Goteborg, Sweden BP https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8609748
UK Medical Research Council General Practice Research Framework MRC GPRF Cervilla, J., Prince, M., Joels, S., Lovestone, S., Mann, A. Long-term predictors of cognitive outcome in a cohort of people with hypertension. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 177: 66-71; Prince, M., Lewis, G., Bird, A., Blizard, R., Mann, A. A longitudinal study of factors predicting change in cognitive test scores over time, in an older hypertensive population. Psychol Med. 1996; 26: 555-568 alcohol; smoking; BMI; education; diet; social class; NART scores; premorbid IQ; RM parts A and B BP; cholesterol; arrhythmia; ischaemia; ApoE; fibrinogen; antidepressants; antihypertensives current residence family history (dementia, heart disease, stroke); age at entry; sex; self-rated depression; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10945091;
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/a-longitudinal-study-of-factors-predicting-change-in-cognitive-test-scores-over-time-in-an-older-hypertensive-population/B29C2CD158B7BA45A033680B9CFF19B5
Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men ULSAM BMI; smoking BP; glucose; cholesterol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21791923
Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study VA telomere length; C-reactive protein; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)/mutations in HFE Black Carbon exposure; traffic-related air pollution (black carbon exposure) age https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27259001;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23413885;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21172758
Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project WHICAP smoking; BMI; alcohol; Mediterranean-type diet; physical activity; central obesity hypertension (BP or self-reported or use of antihypertensives); heart disease; diabetes; cholesterol; stroke https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15066068;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1619350/;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11971083;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671904/;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821298/;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10227626;
http://www.neurology.org/content/65/6/870
Whitehall II cohort smoking; alcohol; physical activity; diet (fruit/veg) particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 from all sources and from traffic exhaust) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25036434;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846998;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19574344
Women’s Health and Aging Study I WHAS I Atkinson, H., Cesari, M., Kritchevsky, S., Pennix, B., Fried, L., Guralnik, J., Williamson, J. Predictors of combined cognitive and physical decline. JAGS. 2005; 53: 1197-1202 smoking; education; ADL; IADL number of diseases; pulmonary disease; hemoglobin physical decline (walking speed); age; race; baseline MMSE https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16108938
Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study WHIMS alcohol https://oup.silverchair-cdn.com/oup/backfile/Content_public/Journal/aje/161/3/10.1093/aje/kwi043/2/kwi043.pdf?Expires=1497086259&Signature=JY3efkwnQMjP2gARuV07TrOF9mEWjxU5X-BTL-wDkzdMnmATjBOlyhQORKoYKtqPrAYbPu727d4lhJp4MyFo1sPpfzsJWUMOm0z8YYiJwRRgYTpy9utfrH7byqRaBB9KNGeQJGdkSiXZ758EZZ0ssB1Qd3vXq54nSz-q6pSW~uWoMrXOD4Y2Rll2ekhp~6i1nrHKIkDrNDdjaeZGuhLynoa-x1HfvR3sstjgiKKvh-h155NehUwJv948YycDjHia2hbKB4FGl2MJZjivyOpJcQmyYdLuH8JuOfguFvvMTXJrN2rmQVByOencVEUk8j1Bx7rokzzFH~zDI9e50pb4nA__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAIUCZBIA4LVPAVW3Q
Women’s Healthy Ageing Project WHAP Szoeke CE, Robertson JS, Rowe CC, Yates P, Campbell K, Masters CL, et al. The Women’s Healthy Ageing Project: Fertile ground for investigation of healthy participants ‘at risk’ for dementia. International Review of Psychiatry 2013;25(6):726-37. doi: 10.3109/09540261.2013.873394. Education; physical activity cholesterol; Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; hypertension https://www.alzheimersanddementia.com/article/S1552-5260(12)02210-8/abstract
Zutphen Elderly Study Launer, L., Feskens, E., Kalmijn, S., Kromhout, D. Smoking, drinking and thinking. The Zutphen elderly study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1996; 143: 219-227 smoking; alcohol https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561155;
http://paperity.org/p/57939441/smoking-drinking-and-thinking-the-zutphen-elderly-study-the-zutphen-elderly-study