Evidence Synthesis Hub

Clifford, A, Lang, L, Chen, R et al 2016, 'Exposure to air pollution and cognitive functioning across the life course - A systematic literature review', Environmental Research, vol. 147, pp. 383-398. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26945620

Peters R, Peters J, Booth A, Mudway I,. Does air pollution increase the risk of cognitive decline? A systematic review . Age Ageing 2015 doi: 10.1093/ageing/afv087. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188335

Peters, R., Ee, N., Peters, J., Booth, A., Mudway, I., & Anstey, K. J. (2019). Air Pollution and Dementia: A Systematic Review. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, (Preprint), 1-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30775976

Anstey KJ, Mack HA, Cherbuin N. Alcohol consumption as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009;17(7):542-55. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19546653

Peters R, Peters J, Warner J, Beckett N, Bulpitt C. Alcohol, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly: a systematic review. Age Ageing. 2008;37(5):505-12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487267

Gulpers B, Ramakers I, Hamel R, Kohler S, Oude Voshaar R, Verhey F. Anxiety as a Predictor for Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2016;24(10):823-42. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27591161

Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C. Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol India. 2016;64(1):56-61. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754993

Kalantarian S, Stern TA, Mansour M, Ruskin JN. Cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(5 Pt 1):338-46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460057

Kwok CS, Loke YK, Hale R, Potter JF, Myint PK. Atrial fibrillation and incidence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011;76(10):914-22. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21383328

Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Bai R, Mohanty S, Pump A, Cereceda Brantes M, et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of incident dementia: a meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9(11):1761-8. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863685

Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2011;12(5):e426-37. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21348917

Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Wang Y. Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2008;9(3):204-18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18331422

Danat, I. M., Clifford, A., Partridge, M., Zhou, W., Bakre, A. T., Chen, A., ... & Anstey, K. J. (2019). Impacts of Overweight and Obesity in Older Age on the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Literature Review and a Meta-Analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, (Preprint), 1-13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30689574

Loef M, Walach H. Midlife obesity and dementia: meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md). 2013;21(1):E51-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401370

Pedditizi E, Peters R, Beckett N. The risk of overweight/obesity in mid-life and late life for the development of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Age and ageing. 2016;45(1):14-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26764391

Guan JW, Huang CQ, Li YH, Wan CM, You C, Wang ZR, et al. No association between hypertension and risk for Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2011;27(4):799-807. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21876250

Peters R, Schuchman M, Peters J, Carlson MC, Yasar S.Relationship Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment: Part II. Review of Physiology and Animal Studies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016 Aug;18(8):66. doi: 10.1007/s11906-016-0673-2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27492369

Peters R, Booth A, Peters J. A systematic review of Calcium Channel Blocker use and cognitive decline/dementia in the elderly Journal of Hypertension 2014 32(10) 1945-1958. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25068540

Power MC, Weuve J, Gagne JJ, McQueen MB, Viswanathan A, Blacker D. The association between blood pressure and incident Alzheimer disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2011;22(5):646-59. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705906

Sharp SI, Aarsland D, Day S, Sonnesyn H, Ballard C. Hypertension is a potential risk factor for vascular dementia: systematic review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry. 2011;26(7):661-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21495075

Yasar S, Schuchman M, Peters J, Anstey KJ, Carlson MC, Peters R.Relationship Between Antihypertensive Medications and Cognitive Impairment: Part I. Review of Human Studies and Clinical Trials. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016 Aug;18(8):67. doi: 10.1007/s11906-016-0674-1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975763/

Ma LL, Yu JT, Wang HF, Meng XF, Tan CC, Wang C, et al. Association between cancer and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2014;42(2):565-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906231

Anstey KJ, Ashby-Mitchell K, Peters R. Updating the Evidence on the Association between Serum Cholesterol and Risk of Late-Life Dementia: Review and Meta-Analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;56(1):215-28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27911314

Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM, Low LF. Cholesterol as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review of prospective studies with meta-analysis. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2008;16(5):343-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18448847

Barranco Quintana JL, Allam MF, Serrano Del Castillo A, Fernandez-Crehuet Navajas R. Alzheimer's disease and coffee: a quantitative review. Neurological research. 2007;29(1):91-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17427282

Kim YS, Kwak SM, Myung SK. Caffeine intake from coffee or tea and cognitive disorders: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;44(1):51-63. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25721193

Liu Q-P, Wu Y-F, Cheng H-Y, Xia T, Ding H, Wang H, et al. Habitual coffee consumption and risk of cognitive decline/dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrition. 2016;32(6):628-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944757

Wu L, Sun D, He Y. Coffee intake and the incident risk of cognitive disorders: A dose-response meta-analysis of nine prospective cohort studies. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2017;36(3):730-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27288328

Yates LA, Ziser S, Spector A, Orrell M. Cognitive leisure activities and future risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Psychogeriatr. 2016;28(11):1791-806. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27502691

Cherbuin N, Kim S, Anstey KJ. Dementia risk estimates associated with measures of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open. 2015;5(12):e008853. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26692556

Diniz BS, Butters MA, Albert SM, Dew MA, Reynolds CF, 3rd. Late-life depression and risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of community-based cohort studies. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science. 2013;202(5):329-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23637108

Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, Batty GD, Beckett N, et al. Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared With Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia. Diabetes care. 2016;39(2):300-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26681727

Chatterjee S, Peters SA, Woodward M, Mejia Arango S, Batty GD, Beckett N, et al. Type 2 Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Dementia in Women Compared With Men: A Pooled Analysis of 2.3 Million People Comprising More Than 100,000 Cases of Dementia. Diabetes care. 2016;39(2):300-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26681727

Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Internal medicine journal. 2012;42(5):484-91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372522

Gudala K, Bansal D, Schifano F, Bhansali A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(6):640-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24843720

Lu F-P, Lin K-P, Kuo H-K. Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2009;4(1):e4144. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127292

Vagelatos NT, Eslick GD. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: the confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship. Epidemiologic reviews. 2013;35:152-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314404

Zhang J, Chen C, Hua S, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, et al. An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: Diabetes and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2017;124:41-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28088029

Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Internal medicine journal. 2012;42(5):484-91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372522

Gudala K, Bansal D, Schifano F, Bhansali A. Diabetes mellitus and risk of dementia: A meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(6):640-50. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24843720

Lu F-P, Lin K-P, Kuo H-K. Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2009;4(1):e4144. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127292

Vagelatos NT, Eslick GD. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: the confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship. Epidemiologic reviews. 2013;35:152-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314404

Zhang J, Chen C, Hua S, Liao H, Wang M, Xiong Y, et al. An updated meta-analysis of cohort studies: Diabetes and risk of Alzheimer's disease. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2017;124:41-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28088029

Cao L, Tan L, Wang HF, Jiang T, Zhu XC, Lu H, et al. Dietary Patterns and Risk of Dementia: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Molecular neurobiology. 2016;53(9):6144-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26553347

Jiang X, Huang J, Song D, Deng R, Wei J, Zhang Z. Increased Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables Is Related to a Reduced Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Meta-Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2017;9:18. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28223933

Ma Q-P, Huang C, Cui Q-Y, Yang D-J, Sun K, Chen X, et al. Meta-Analysis of the Association between Tea Intake and the Risk of Cognitive Disorders. PloS one. 2016;11(11):e0165861. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27824892

Singh B, Parsaik AK, Mielke MM, Erwin PJ, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, et al. Association of mediterranean diet with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;39(2):271-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24164735

Vitamin D

Shen L, Ji HF. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: evidence from meta-analysis. Nutrition journal. 2015;14:76. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26231781

Sommer I, Griebler U, Kien C, Auer S, Klerings I, Hammer R, et al. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2017;17(1):16. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28086755

Omega-3

Wu S, Ding Y, Wu F, Li R, Hou J, Mao P. Omega-3 fatty acids intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2015;48:1-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446949

Zhang Y, Chen J, Qiu J, Li Y, Wang J, Jiao J. Intakes of fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids and mild-to-severe cognitive impairment risks: a dose-response meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2016;103(2):330-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26718417

Caamano-Isorna F, Corral M, Montes-Martinez A, Takkouche B. Education and dementia: a meta-analytic study. Neuroepidemiology. 2006;26(4):226-32. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16707907

Ho RC, Cheung MW, Fu E, Win HH, Zaw MH, Ng A, et al. Is high homocysteine level a risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2011;19(7):607-17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21705865

Peters R, Burch L, Warner J, Beckett N, Poulter R, Bulpitt C. Haemoglobin, anaemia, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review, BMC Geriatrics 2008; 8: 18. 8 Aug 08 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18691409

Quinn TJ, Gallacher J, Deary IJ, Lowe GD, Fenton C, Stott DJ. Association between circulating hemostatic measures and dementia or cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyzes. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH. 2011;9(8):1475-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676170

Van Dam F, Van Gool WA. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2009;48(3):425-30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18479766

Li Y, Li Y, Li X, Zhang S, Zhao J, Zhu X, et al. Head Injury as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 32 Observational Studies. PloS one. 2017;12(1):e0169650. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5221805/

Perry DC, Sturm VE, Peterson MJ, Pieper CF, Bullock T, Boeve BF, et al. Association of traumatic brain injury with subsequent neurological and psychiatric disease: a meta-analysis. Journal of neurosurgery. 2016;124(2):511-26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26315003

Ford AH, Hankey GJ, Yeap BB, Golledge J, Flicker L, Almeida OP. Hearing loss and the risk of dementia in later life. Maturitas. 2018;112:1-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29704910

LeBlanc ES, Janowsky J, Chan BK, Nelson HD. Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2001;285(11):1489-99. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11255426

Lv W, Du N, Liu Y, Fan X, Wang Y, Jia X, et al. Low Testosterone Level and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease in the Elderly Men: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Molecular neurobiology. 2016;53(4):2679-84. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26154489

O'Brien J, Jackson JW, Grodstein F, Blacker D, Weuve J. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is not associated with risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiologic reviews. 2014;36:83-103. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24042430

Wang Y, Sheng Q, Hou X, Wang B, Zhao W, Yan S, et al. Thyrotropin and Alzheimer's Disease Risk in the Elderly: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Molecular neurobiology. 2016;53(2):1229-36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25609141

Koyama A, O'Brien J, Weuve J, Blacker D, Metti AL, Yaffe K. The role of peripheral inflammatory markers in dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis. The journals of gerontology Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences. 2013;68(4):433-40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982688

Hosking D, Ayton S, Beckett N, Booth A, Peters R. More evidence is needed. Iron, incident cognitive decline and dementia: a systematic review, Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease 2018 doi.org/10.1177/2040622318788485. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30719269/

Antihypertensives

Chang-Quan H, Hui W, Chao-Min W, Zheng-Rong W, Jun-Wen G, Yong-Hong L, et al. The association of antihypertensive medication use with risk of cognitive decline and dementia: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. International journal of clinical practice. 2011;65(12):1295-305. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22093537

Levi Marpillat N, Macquin-Mavier I, Tropeano A-I, Bachoud-Levi A-C, Maison P. Antihypertensive classes, cognitive decline and incidence of dementia: a network meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2013;31(6):1073-82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552124

Tully PJ, Hanon O, Cosh S, Tzourio C. Diuretic antihypertensive drugs and incident dementia risk: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of prospective studies. J Hypertens. 2016;34(6):1027-35. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886565

Xu G, Bai F, Lin X, Wang Q, Wu Q, Sun S, et al. Association between Antihypertensive Drug Use and the Incidence of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. BioMed research international. 2017;2017:4368474. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29094046

Anti-Inflammatory

Etminan M, Gill S, Samii A. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ (Clinical research ed). 2003;327(7407):128. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869452

Islam MM, Iqbal U, Walther B, Atique S, Dubey NK, Nguyen PA, et al. Benzodiazepine Use and Risk of Dementia in the Elderly Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;47(3-4):181-91. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28013304

Szekely CA, Thorne JE, Zandi PP, Ek M, Messias E, Breitner JC, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology. 2004;23(4):159-69. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15279021

Wang J, Tan L, Wang H-F, Tan C-C, Meng X-F, Wang C, et al. Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Alzheimer's disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(2):385-96. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25227314

Statins

Richardson K, Schoen M, French B, Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Arnold SE, et al. Statins and cognitive function: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(10):688-97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247674

Swiger KJ, Manalac RJ, Blumenthal RS, Blaha MJ, Martin SS. Statins and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of short- and long-term cognitive effects. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88(11):1213-21. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095248

Wong WB, Lin VW, Boudreau D, Devine EB. Statins in the prevention of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies and an assessment of confounding. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(4):345-58. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23225700

Zhou B, Teramukai S, Fukushima M. Prevention and treatment of dementia or Alzheimer's disease by statins: a meta-analysis. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2007;23(3):194-201. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17259710

Antacid

Virk SA, Eslick GD. Brief Report: Meta-analysis of Antacid Use and Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for the Aluminum Hypothesis. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2015;26(5):769-73. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26098935

Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Panjawatanan P, Ungprasert P. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of dementia. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(12):240. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6408083/

Ye F, Luo YJ, Xiao J, Yu NW, Yi G. Impact of Insulin Sensitizers on the Incidence of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders. 2016;41(5-6):251-60. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250528

Kueper JK, Speechley M, Lingum NR, Montero-Odasso M. Motor function and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and ageing. 2017;46(5):729-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28541374

Jansen WJ, Ossenkoppele R, Knol DL, Tijms BM, Scheltens P, Verhey FR, et al. Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2015;313(19):1924-38. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25988462

Yan D, Zhang Y, Liu L, Yan H. Pesticide exposure and risk of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports. 2016;6:32222. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5007474/

Aarsland D, Sardahaee FS, Anderssen S, Ballard C, Alzheimer's Society Systematic Review g. Is physical activity a potential preventive factor for vascular dementia? A systematic review. Aging Ment Health. 2010;14(4):386-95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20455113

Beckett MW, Ardern CI, Rotondi MA. A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer's disease in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2015;15:9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25887627

Blondell SJ, Hammersley-Mather R, Veerman JL. Does physical activity prevent cognitive decline and dementia?: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:510. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24885250

Hamer M, Chida Y. Physical activity and risk of neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review of prospective evidence. Psychol Med. 2009;39(1):3-11. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18570697

Santos-Lozano A, Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, Quindos-Rubial M, Fiuza-Luces C, Cristi-Montero C, et al. Physical Activity and Alzheimer Disease: A Protective Association. Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2016;91(8):999-1020. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27492909

Xu W, Wang HF, Wan Y, Tan CC, Yu JT, Tan L. Leisure time physical activity and dementia risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ open. 2017;7(10):e014706. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29061599

Low LF, Harrison F, Lackersteen SM. Does personality affect risk for dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013;21(8):713-28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23567438

Chen, R, Clifford, A, Lang, L et al 2013, 'Is exposure to second-hand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents? - a systematic literature review', Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 652e661. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23969303

Du N, Xu D, Hou X, Song X, Liu C, Chen Y, et al. Inverse Association Between Serum Uric Acid Levels and Alzheimer's Disease Risk. Molecular neurobiology. 2016;53(4):2594-9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26084440

Bubu OM, Brannick M, Mortimer J, Umasabor-Bubu O, Sebastiao YV, Wen Y, et al. Sleep, Cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep. 2017;40(1). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28364458

de Almondes KM, Costa MV, Malloy-Diniz LF, Diniz BS. Insomnia and risk of dementia in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of psychiatric research. 2016;77:109-15. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27017287

Kim HB, Myung SK, Lee SM, Park YC. Longer Duration of Sleep and Risk of Cognitive Decline: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;47(3-4):171-80. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27992864

Almeida OP, Hulse GK, Lawrence D, Flicker L. Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies. Addiction (Abingdon, England). 2002;97(1):15-28. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11895267

Anstey KJ, von Sanden C, Salim A, O'Kearney R. Smoking as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. American journal of epidemiology. 2007;166(4):367-78. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17573335

Peters R, Poulter R, Warner J, Beckett N, Burch L, Bulpitt C. Smoking, dementia and cognitive decline in the elderly, a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. 2008;8:36. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19105840

Zhong G, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Guo JJ, Zhao Y. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies with investigation of potential effect modifiers. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0118333. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25763939

Evans, I. E., Martyr, A., Collins, R., Brayne, C., & Clare, L. (2018). Social isolation and cognitive function in later life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, (Preprint), 1-26. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30372678

Kuiper JS, Zuidersma M, Oude Voshaar RC, Zuidema SU, van den Heuvel ER, Stolk RP, et al. Social relationships and risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Ageing research reviews. 2015;22:39-57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25956016

Mukadam N, Sommerlad A, Livingston G. The Relationship of Bilingualism Compared to Monolingualism to the Risk of Cognitive Decline or Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 2017;58(1):45-54. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28387680

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